Acta Nat. Sci.   |  e-ISSN: 2718-0638

Original article | Acta Natura et Scientia 2021, Vol. 2(2) 86-93

Does Maritime Transport Network Converge? Evidence From EU Countries

Abdullah Açık

pp. 86 - 93   |  DOI: https://doi.org/10.29329/actanatsci.2021.350.01   |  Manu. Number: MANU-2106-27-0004.R1

Published online: August 13, 2021  |   Number of Views: 72  |  Number of Download: 553


Abstract

The concept of convergence is an important issue that has gained a wide place in the economics literature. The convergence of economies is likely to have an impact on the transportation sector as well, since it is the most important supporter of economic activities, and it is directly affected by economic indicators due to its derived demand structure. However, the possible reflections of economic convergence in the transportation sector have not received sufficient attention in the literature. In this study, we investigated this issue in the European Union (EU) countries, where economic convergence is implemented as a union policy and the existence of convergence is empirically supported in many studies. We select Liner Shipping Connectivity Index (LSCI) as a variable, which indicates the countries’ level of connectivity in the liner transportation network mostly used to transport intermediate and finished goods. We have determined that there is a convergence in EU countries in terms of maritime transportation network. This result shows that economic integration leads to improvements not only in the incomes of poorer countries but also in their transportation networks.

Keywords: Convergence, Lineer shipping, Unit root


How to Cite this Article?

APA 6th edition
Acik, A. (2021). Does Maritime Transport Network Converge? Evidence From EU Countries . Acta Natura et Scientia, 2(2), 86-93. doi: 10.29329/actanatsci.2021.350.01

Harvard
Acik, A. (2021). Does Maritime Transport Network Converge? Evidence From EU Countries . Acta Natura et Scientia, 2(2), pp. 86-93.

Chicago 16th edition
Acik, Abdullah (2021). "Does Maritime Transport Network Converge? Evidence From EU Countries ". Acta Natura et Scientia 2 (2):86-93. doi:10.29329/actanatsci.2021.350.01.

References
  1. Borsi, M., & Metiu, N. (2013). The evolution of economic convergence in the European Union. Bundesbank Discussion Paper No. 28/2013, Available at SSRN from https://ssrn.com/abstract=2796921 [Google Scholar]
  2. Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297111 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  3. Cabral, R., & Castellanos-Sosa, F. A. (2019). Europe’s income convergence and the latest global financial crisis. Research in Economics, 73(1), 23-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rie.2019.01.003 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  4. Cowie, J. (2009). The economics of transport: a theoretical and applied perspective. Routledge. [Google Scholar]
  5. Cuestas, J. C., Monfort, M., & Ordóñez, J. (2015). Unemployment convergence in central and eastern European countries: Driving forces and cluster behavior. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 51(1), 259-273. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2015.1011537 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  6. Doyle, E., & O’Leary, E. (1999). The role of structural change in labour productivity convergence among European Union countries: 1970‐1990. Journal of Economic Studies, 26(2), 106-122. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443589910258452 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  7. Fugazza, M., & Hoffmann, J. (2017). Liner shipping connectivity as determinant of trade. Journal of Shipping and Trade, 2(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41072-017-0019-5 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  8. Greve, M., Hansen, M. W., Schaumburg-Muller, H., & Schaumburg-Müller, H. (2007). Container shipping and economic development: A case study of AP Moller-Maersk in South East Asia. Copenhagen Business School Press. [Google Scholar]
  9. Guetat, I., & Serranito, F. (2007). Income convergence within the MENA countries: A panel unit root approach. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 46(5), 685-706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2006.08.012 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  10. Hadri, K. (2000). Testing for stationarity in heterogeneous panel data. The Econometrics Journal, 3(2), 148-161. https://doi.org/10.1111/1368-423X.00043 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  11. Herrerias, M. J. (2012). CO2 weighted convergence across the EU-25 countries (1920–2007). Applied Energy, 92, 9-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.10.034 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  12. Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H. & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115(1), 53-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(03)00092-7 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  13. Jena, D., & Barua, A. (2020). Trade, structural transformation and income convergence: The case of EU. Journal of Public Affairs, e2565. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2565 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  14. Jobert, T., Karanfil, F., & Tykhonenko, A. (2010). Convergence of per capita carbon dioxide emissions in the EU: legend or reality? Energy Economics, 32(6), 1364-1373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2010.03.005 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  15. Kasman, A., & Kasman, S. (2020). Convergence of renewable energy consumption in the EU-15: evidence from stochastic and club convergence tests. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(6), 5901-5911. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07378-y [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  16. Kounetas, K. E. (2018). Energy consumption and CO2 emissions convergence in European Union member countries. A tonneau des Danaides?. Energy Economics, 69, 111-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2017.11.015 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  17. Ma, S. (2020). Economics of maritime business. Routledge. [Google Scholar]
  18. Marelli, E. P., Parisi, M. L., & Signorelli, M. (2019). Economic convergence in the EU and Eurozone. Journal of Economic Studies, 46(7), 1332-1344. https://doi.org/10.1108/JES-03-2019-0139 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  19. Markandya, A., Pedroso-Galinato, S., & Streimikiene, D. (2006). Energy intensity in transition economies: is there convergence towards the EU average? Energy Economics, 28(1), 121-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2005.10.005 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  20. Marrero, Á. S., Marrero, G. A., González, R. M., & Rodríguez-López, J. (2021). Convergence in road transport CO2 emissions in Europe. Energy Economics, 105322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105322 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  21. Monfort, M., Ordóñez, J., & Sala, H. (2018). Inequality and unemployment patterns in Europe: Does integration lead to (real) convergence? Open Economies Review, 29(4), 703-724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11079-018-9488-x [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  22. Naveed, A. (2017). Is the convergence debate over? Structural changes and labour productivity. In C. Karlsson, M. Andersson & L. Bjerke (Eds.), Geographies of growth: Innovations, networks and collaborations (pp. 96-134). Edward Elgar Publishing. [Google Scholar]
  23. OECD/EUIPO (2021). Misuse of containerized maritime shipping in the global trade of counterfeits, illicit trade. OECD Publishing, Paris. [Google Scholar]
  24. Pesaran, M. H. (2004), General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels, CESifo Working Paper, No. 1229, Center for Economic Studies and ifo Institute (CESifo), Munich [Google Scholar]
  25. Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  26. Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A. & Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias-adjusted LM test of error cross section independence. Econometrics Journal, 11, 105–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1368-423X.2007.00227.x [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  27. Şeker, A. (2019). The impacts of liner shipping connectivity and economic growth on international trade case of European Countries and Turkey. In G. C. Çiçek, (Ed.), Handbook of Research on the Applications of International Transportation and Logistics for World Trade (pp. 139-150). IGI Global. [Google Scholar]
  28. Siljak, D. (2015). Real economic convergence in the European Union from 1995 to 2013. The Business and Management Review, 6(4), 213-225. [Google Scholar]
  29. Smith, L. V., Leybourne, S., Kim, T. H., & Newbold, P. (2004). More powerful panel data unit root tests with an application to mean reversion in real exchange rates. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 19(2), 147-170. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.723 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  30. Solow, M. R. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth source. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65-94. https://doi.org/10.2307/1884513 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  31. UNCTAD (2020a). Liner Shipping Connectivity Index Definition. Retrieved on June 2, 2021 from http://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/TableViewer/summary.aspx [Google Scholar]
  32. UNCTAD (2020b). Liner Shipping Connectivity Index Values. Retrieved on June 2, 2021 from http://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=92 [Google Scholar]
  33. Van Ham, H. & Rijsenbrij, J. (2012). Development of containerization: Success through vision, drive and technology. Ios Press. [Google Scholar]
  34. Welsch, H., & Bonn, U. (2008). Economic convergence and life satisfaction in the European Union. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 37(3), 1153-1167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2006.12.072 [Google Scholar] [Crossref] 
  35. Yin, L., Zestos, G. K., & Michelis, L. (2003). Economic convergence in the European Union. Journal of Economic Integration, 18(1), 188-213. https://doi.org/10.11130/jei.2003.18.1.188 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]