An Important Forage Source for Animals: Small Grain Pastures

Ahmet Gökkuş & Hülya Hanoğlu Oral

doi:https://doi.org/10.29329/actanatsci.2022.351.01

Review article | Acta Natura et Scientia 2022, Vol. 3(1) 1-14

An Important Forage Source for Animals: Small Grain Pastures

Ahmet Gökkuş & Hülya Hanoğlu Oral

pp. 1 - 14 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.29329/actanatsci.2022.351.01 | Manu. Number: MANU-2109-13-0004.R1

Published online: January 17, 2022 | Number of Views: 234 | Number of Download: 535

Save PDF

Abstract

An approximate 40-65% of the qualified roughage needs of farm animals in Turkey can be met according to different calculations. Natural rangelands are important sources in this regard. However, there are serious problems in the management of these areas. Particularly, untimely and heavy grazing is one of the main reasons for the deterioration of vegetative cover. Grain pastures are one of the best options for both reducing the qualified roughage deficit as well as in the solution of certain problems related to grazing in rangelands. Grass yield and quality of cool climate cereals are high, and they reach grazing maturity before natural rangelands in spring, then they can be grazed until later in fall and even could be used as winter rangeland in regions with cool winters. They can also be used for double production (grass + grain). In this respect, the importance and potential of grain pastures in the rangeland-based livestock system have been evaluated in this paper.

Keywords: Grain pastures, Grazing, Nutrition value

How to Cite this Article?

APA 6th edition
Gokkus, A. & Oral, H.H. (2022). An Important Forage Source for Animals: Small Grain Pastures . Acta Natura et Scientia, 3(1), 1-14. doi: 10.29329/actanatsci.2022.351.01

Harvard
Gokkus, A. and Oral, H. (2022). An Important Forage Source for Animals: Small Grain Pastures . Acta Natura et Scientia, 3(1), pp. 1-14.

Chicago 16th edition
Gokkus, Ahmet and Hulya Hanoglu Oral (2022). "An Important Forage Source for Animals: Small Grain Pastures ". Acta Natura et Scientia 3 (1):1-14. doi:10.29329/actanatsci.2022.351.01.

References

Açıkgöz, E. (1991). Yem bitkileri. Uludağ Üniversitesi Basımevi. [Google Scholar]
Adhikari, L., Mohseni-Moghadam, M., & Missaoui, A. (2018). Allelopathic effects of cereal rye on weed suppression and forage yield in alfalfa. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 9(4), 685-700. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2018.94054 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
Algan, D., & Aydın, İ. (2017). Üstten tohumlanan ve gübrelenen merada otların nitrat ve makro element içerikleri [The macro element and nitrate contents of plants on overseeded and fertilized rangeland]. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 32(3), 374-382. https://doi.org/10.7161/omuanajas.297144 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
Avağ, A., Koç, A., & Kendir, H. (2012). Ulusal mera kullanım ve yönetım projesi. Sonuç raporu, TÜBİTAK proje No: 106GO17. [Google Scholar]
Baker, M. J. (2016). Cornell beef production reference manual. Department of Animal Sci. and Cornell Coop. Ext. Fact Sheet 3103, 5p. [Google Scholar]
Ball, D. M., Collins, M., Lacefield, G. D., Martin, N. P., Mertens, D. A., Olson, K. E., Putnam, D. H., Undersander, D. J., & Wolf, M. W. (2001). Understanding forage quality. American Farm Bureau Federation Publ. 1-01, Park Ridge, IL, 17p. [Google Scholar]
Barnhart, S. K. (1999). How pasture plants grow. Iowa State University Coop. Ext. Serv. Pm 1971, 4p. [Google Scholar]
Bates, G. (2007). High-quality hay production. The University of Tennessee Ext., SP437-A, 7p. [Google Scholar]
Beck, P., & Jennings, J. (2015). Fall and winter grazing of wheat. Arkansas Wheat Production Handbook – MP404, Division of Agriculture Res. & Ext., Univ. of Arkansas System, 4p. [Google Scholar]
Bell, L., McCormick, J., & Hackney, B. (2019). Crop-livestock integration in Australia’s mixed farming zone (pp.323-336). In J. Pratley, & J. Kirkegaard (Eds.), Australian agriculture in 2020: From conservation to automation. Agronomy Australia and Charles Sturt University. [Google Scholar]
Block, J. (2020). Nitrate poisoning of livestock. North Dakota State Univ. Ext. V839, 4p. [Google Scholar]
Bozaran, A., & Ayhan, B. (2017). Karma yem sektörü ve yatırım fizibilitesi. T.C. Serhat Kalkınma Ajansı. [Google Scholar]
Çakır, A., Aksoy, A., & Haşimoğlu, S. (1995). Çiftlik hayvanlarının uygulamalı besleme ve yemlenmesi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları. No:179. [Google Scholar]
Dahlen, C. R., & Stoltenow, C. (2014). Grass tetany. North Dakota State University Ext. Serv. V1703, 4p. [Google Scholar]
Ditsch, D. C., & Bitzer, M. J. (1995). Managing small grains for livestock forage. University of Kentucky, College of Agriculture, Coop. Ext. Service AGR-160, 6p. [Google Scholar]
Doole, G. J., Bathgate, A. D., & Robertson, M. J. (2009). Economic value of grazing vegetative wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops in mixed-farming systems of Western Australia. Animal Production Sciences, 49(10), 807-815. https://doi.org/10.1071/EA08286 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
Dove, H., & Kirkegaard, J. (2014). Using dual-purpose crops in sheep-grazing systems. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 94(7), 1276-1283. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6527 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
Edwards, J., & Horn, G. (2017). First hollow stem: A critical wheat growth stage for dual-purpose producers. Oklahoma State Univ. Coop. Ext. Fact Sheets. [Google Scholar]
Emsen, H. (1994). Hayvan yetiştirme ilkeleri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Yay. No: 720, Ziraat Fak. No: 310, Ders Kitapları Serisi No: 62. [Google Scholar]
FAO. (2019). Faostat. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. [Google Scholar]
Flood, H. E., & Entz, M. H. (2018). Effects of a fall rye cover crop on weeds and productivity of Phaseolus beans. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 99(1), 22-33. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2018-0161 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
Genç, S., & Baytekin, H. (2015). Tritikale merasında farklı otlatma sistemlerinin meranın verim özellikleri üzerine etkileri [The effects of different grazing systems applied in pasture triticale on the features of pasture yield]. ÇOMÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(2), 101-105. [Google Scholar]
Gökkuş, A. (2020). A review on the factors causing deterioration of rangelands in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Range and Forage Science, 1(1), 28-34. [Google Scholar]
Gökkuş, A., Tölü, C. Hanoğlu Oral, H., & Özaslan Parlak, A. (2017). Koyun otlatılan meralarda yıllık yem üretiminin planlanması ve bunun hayvansal üretime etkileri. Proje Sonuç Raporu ((TÜBİTAK 214O233). [Google Scholar]
Gupta, D., Ashfaq, W., Brodie, G., Cheng, P. L., & Dadu, R. H. (2019). Optimising dual-purpose wheat management practices for grazing and grain production in drier environments (pp. 50-52). In M. Pardy (Ed.), Research for the Riverine Plains 2019- A selection of research relevant to agriculture in the Riverine Plains. Riverine Plains Inc. [Google Scholar]
Gürsoy, E., Macit, M. (2020). Hasat zamanının kaba yemin kimyasal kompozisyonu ve kalitesi üzerine etkisi [Effect of harvesting time on chemical composition and quality of forage]. Euroasia Journal of Mathematics, Engineering, Natural & Medical Sciences, 7(9), 168-177. [Google Scholar]
Harmanşah, F. (2018). Türkiye’de kaliteli kaba yem üretimi sorunlar ve öneriler. TÜRKTOB Dergisi, 25, 9-13. [Google Scholar]
Holman, T. L., Lyon, D. J., & Luebbe, M. K. (2011). Grazing winter wheat in Nebraska. University of Nebraska Extension EC185. [Google Scholar]
Jewiss, O. R. (2006). Tillering in grasses - Its significance and control. Grass and Forage Science, 27(2), 65-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1972.tb00689.x [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
Kara, H., & Eroğlu, A. (2018). Tam sayılı doğrusal programlama metodu ile entansif hayvancılık işletmesinin kapasite planlaması: Konya (Ereğli) örneği [Capacity planning of intensive stock farming in Konya (Eregli) by integer linear programming]. Çukurova Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi, 33(2), 31-46. [Google Scholar]
Kelman, W., & Dove, H. (2009). Growth and phenology of winter wheat and oats in a dual-purpose management system. Crop & Pasture Science, 60(10), 921-932. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP09029 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
Ketenoğlu, O., Vural, M., Kurt, L., Körüklü, T. (2014). Vejetasyon (pp.163-224). In A. Güner, & T. Ekim (Eds.), Resimli Türkiye florası [Illustrated flora of Turkey] vol. 1. Ali Nihat Gökyiğit Vakfı, Flora Araştırmaları Derneği and Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları yayını. [Google Scholar]
Kılıç Ekici, Ö. (2011). Yapay et geleceğin hayvansal gıdası olabilir mi? TÜBİTAK Bilim ve Teknik Dergisi, 527, 36-41. [Google Scholar]
Kumssa, T. T., Anderson, J. D., Butler, T. J., & Ma, X. -F. (2020). Small grains as winter pasture in the Southern Great Plains of the United States. In V. M. Kindomihou (Ed.), Grasses and Grassland Aspect. IntechOpen. [Google Scholar]
Lemus, R. (2021). Selecting small grain cereals for forage production. Mississippi State University Ext. Serv., Publ. 3165. [Google Scholar]
Martin, G., Durand, J. -L., Duru, M., Gastal, F., Julier, B., Litrico, I., Louarn, G., Médiène, S., Moreau, D., Valentin-Morison, M., Novak, S., Parnaudeau, V., Paschalidou, F., Vertès, F., Voisin, A. -S., Cellier, P., Jeuffroy, M. -H. (2020). Role of ley pastures in tomorrow’s cropping systems. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 40(17), 1-25. [Google Scholar]
Mold, D., & Rhees, S. (2020). Vegetative cover in Minnesota: Prospects and challenges. Minnesota Department of Agriculture Project. [Google Scholar]
Parsons, A. J., Leafe, E. L., Collett, B., Penning, P. D., Lewis, J. (1983). The physiology of grass production under grazing. II. Photosynthesis, crop growth and animal intake of continuously-grazed swards. Journal of Applied Ecology, 20(1), 127-139. https://doi.org/10.2307/2403381 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
Robson, S. (2018). Nitrate and nitrite poisoning in livestock (2nd ed.). NSW Department of Primary Industries, Primefact 415. [Google Scholar]
Ronga, D., Prà, A. D., Immovilli, A., Ruozzi, F., Davolio, R., & Pacchioli, M. T. (2020). Effects of harvest time on the yield and quality of winter wheat hay produced in Northern Italy. Agronomy, 10(6), 917. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060917 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
Strickland, G., Richards, C., Zhang, H., & Step, D. L. (2017). Nitrate toxicity in livestock. Oklahoma State University, Coop. Ext. Serv., Fact Sheets PSS-2903. [Google Scholar]
Sürek, E., & Uzun, P. (2020). Geleceğin alternatif protein kaynağı: Yapay et. Akademik Gıda, 18(2), 209-216. https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.758840 [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
Tölü, C., Savaş, T., Yurtman, İ. Y., Hakyemez, B. H., & Gökkuş, A. (2013). Buğday hasılı ve doğal mera ile farklı otlatma yoğunluklarının sağmal keçilerin bazı davranış özelliklerine etkisi [The effect of wheat and natural pastures and of different grazing intensities on some behavioral traits of lactating goats]. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(3), 37-45. [Google Scholar]
Torell, R., Riggs, W., Bruce, B., & Kvasnicka, B. (1999). Wheat pasture grazing: agronomic, cultural and livestock management practices. University of Nevada, Coop. Ext. Serv. Fact Sheet 99-39. [Google Scholar]
Toungos, M. D., & Bulus, Z. W. (2019). Cover crops dual roles: Green manure and maintenance of soil fertility, a review. International Journal of Innovative Agriculture & Biology Research, 7(1), 47-59. [Google Scholar]
Trlica, M. J. (1992). Grass growth and response to grazing. Colorado State University Coop. Ext. Serv. n. 6.108. [Google Scholar]
TÜİK. (2020). Bitkisel üretim istatistikleri. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Ankara. [Google Scholar]
Watson, S. L., Fjell, D. L., Shroyer, J. P., Bolsen, K., & Duncan, S. (1993). Small grain cereals for forage. Kansas State University Agric. Exp. Sta. and Coop. Ext. Serv., MF-1072. [Google Scholar]

Volume 3 Issue 1

June 2022

All Articles